china gini coefficient 2021

These cookies are used to collect information about how you interact with our website and allow us to remember you. A Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist offers an intimate investigation of China’s one-child policy and its consequences for families and the nation at large. The Eskom Investment Support Project ($3.4 billion) is the largest of the two-lending operations. You need at least a Single Account to use this feature. In, CEIC. Africa’s poorest countries saw little to no progress on average in improving the quality of their policy and institutional frameworks in 2018. Data have been revised for Japan (new income definition now available from 2018). In 2019, the economy grew by 0.2% (in 2018 it was 0.8%) partially caused by the resurgence of load shedding associated with operational and financial difficulties at the energy utility Eskom. In addition, as economic activity restarts, pre-existing structural constraints, such as electricity shortages, are becoming binding again. It also helped design and build capacity for the South Africa Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting System (SAGERS), a web-based portal for the registration and submission of GHG emissions data, which then helps to inform liability under the carbon tax. We face big challenges to help the world’s poorest people and ensure that everyone sees benefits from economic growth. Battery storage capacity, currently under procurement, will assist in improving utilization of energy generated from variable renewable energy sources under the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer program. The Gini-coefficient measures wealth distribution and income inequality in an economy. The percentage of the population below the upper-middle-income-country poverty line fell from 68% to 56% between 2005 and 2010 but has since trended slightly upwards to 57% in 2015 and is projected to reach 60% in 2020. Found insideThe World Bank Group has two overarching goals: End extreme poverty by 2030 and promote shared prosperity by boosting the incomes of the bottom 40 percent of the population in each economy. The achievement of progress in household welfare is severely constrained by rising unemployment, which reached an unprecedented 32.5 percent in the fourth quarter of 2020. Found inside – Page 35It is nonetheless important to note that China's Gini coefficient increased from around 0.30 in the early 1980s to 0.49 in 2008 before declining (NBSC, ... According to one ranking system (the Gini coefficient – see below) South Africa is the most unequal country in the world. This website stores cookies on your computer. This feature is limited to our corporate solutions. Found inside – Page 195Correspondingly, their Gini coefficient also clearly dropped. The growth of the USA's economy has clearly slowed since the 1970s in comparison with before, ... South Africa entered the pandemic after several years of low growth. Minimum wages only tell part of the story of labor costs in China. The World Bank is actively providing targeted technical assistance to support the integration, implementation and institutionalization of approaches and instruments to urban management in South Africa. This is part of a four-year Reimbursable Advisory Services (RAS) agreement (2018-2022) for ‘Infrastructure Investment and Integrated Urban Planning’ in support of the second phase of the Treasury’s Cities Support Program (CSP). © 2021 CEIC Data, an ISI Emerging Markets Group Company. South Africa Financial Sector Development and Reform Program. The World Bank Group works in every major area of development. An additional 100MW from the Sere Wind Farm went into commercial operation in May 2015 and is operating well. The Gini coefficient or Gini index is a statistical measure of distribution representing the income or wealth of a country's residents. "This work provides a new, comprehensive, and empirically grounded study of household incomes in China that critically examines the long-term rise and recent apparent decline in inequality. Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income. The Gini coefficient of China, a widely used indicator of economic inequality, has been larger than 0.45 over the last decade, whereas 0.40 is the warning level for social unrest. South Africa has made considerable strides to improve the wellbeing of its citizens since its transition to democracy in the mid-1990s, but progress has stagnated in the last decade. The Gini ratio (or coefficient), which measures income distribution inequality, is an important indicator to assess the degree of 'righteousness' in a country (although this indicator does have some flaws). Aligned with South Africa’s National Development Plan and Integrated Urban Development Framework and supported by Switzerland’s State Secretariat for Economic Affairs, this program has contributed to the strengthening of economic incentives, improving speed at which individuals can start businesses, reforming  infrastructure finance and fiscal management and promoting inclusive urban development with a focus on informal settlements. China Gini Coefficient data is updated yearly, averaging 0.474 NA from Dec 2003 to 2019, with 17 observations. Found inside – Page 171Comparison of Gini coefficient of residents' income in selected countries Pre-tax Gini Post-tax Gini Adjustment intensity (%) Country Year coefficient ... As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. The project helped to finance the development of the Carbon Offset Administration System (COAS), South Africa’ new online platform to facilitate the listing, transfer and retirement of carbon credits to offset carbon tax liabilities. The World Bank successfully completed the Partnership for Market Readiness (PMR) project in December 2020, which supported the design of South Africa’s Carbon Tax policy as well as helped build and capacitate several tools to support the tax through a $3.8 million grant. All rights reserved, Unlimited access tailored to your data needs. The Gini Coefficient ranges between 0 and 1 (or it can also be expressed as a number from 0 to 100) and is given by the ratio of the areas: If A = 0, it means the Lorenz Curve is actually the Line of Equality. Found insideThis is the United Nations definitive report on the state of the world economy, providing global and regional economic outlook for 2020 and 2021. The Human Capital Index (HCI) database provides data at the country level for each of the components of the Human Capital Index as … You can only download this statistic as a Premium user. Found inside – Page 30According to the panel data of 113 prefecture-level cities in China from 2014 to ... Keywords: index · Air pollution Mixed strategy game · Income inequality ... Digital Economy Country Diagnostic Report for South Africa. Includes 149 related indicators. Register in seconds and access exclusive features. Found inside – Page 216Figure 13.16 Projected household income inequality in China, 1981–2021 Household income inequality projections (Gini coefficient) 1 2 Source: National ... Found inside – Page 423With China's high Gini coefficient, the wealthy will become even wealthier, and they will increasingly. 3Bain- Altagamma luxury report 2020. Are you interested in testing our corporate solutions? May 21, 2020. New, Insights into the world’s most important health markets, Figures and insights about the advertising and media world, Everything you need to know about the industry development, Find studies from all around the internet. Explore the most complete set of 6.6 million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors. Found inside – Page 16... and the divergence of the Gini coefficient of the studied countries. ... The fact that negative trends emerged simultaneously with China planning the ... 40 or 0.4 is the warning level set by the United Nations. The Gini coefficient was developed by the statistician and sociologist Corrado Gini.. Chart. (May 21, 2020). "Gini index: inequality of income distribution in China from 2004 to 2019." A Gini coefficient of zero (or 0%) expresses perfect equality, where all values are the same e.g., everyone has the same income). Found insideChina's Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know® is a concise introduction to the most astonishing economic and political story of the last three decades. Arthur Kroeber enhances our understanding of China's changes and their implications. Found insideThis volume brings together an exciting range of new studies of top incomes in a wide range of countries from around the world. This book traces the economic history of BRIC countries to understand their economic and social institutions. This study examines China’s 13th Five-Year Plan, the most authoritative strategic blueprint for the country’s economic policies under Xi Jinping. In 2017, China reached a Gini coefficient of 46.7 (0.467) points. A new WBG-South Africa Country Partnership Framework for FY21-2025 is currently being finalized against the backdrop of the global COVID-19 pandemic. Political parties negotiated coalition deals that have left the ANC unseated in Pretoria and Nelson Mandela Bay. As a Premium user you get access to the detailed source references and background information about this statistic. You need a Single Account for unlimited access. Scandinavian countries tend to have the lowest levels of inequality. Household income or consumption by percentage share. Found inside... 19.1 8.60 46.60 Copper China, Euro area, U.S. Poverty rate (2017) Gini coefficient (2017) Literacy rate (2015) Proj. 99.2 Est. 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 ... There is no data available for your selected dates. A higher Gini … Structural challenges and weak growth have undermined progress in reducing poverty, which have been heightened by the COVID-19 pandemic. Found inside – Page iForeword by Janet Yellen Weijian Shan's Out of the Gobi is a powerful memoir and commentary that will be one of the most important books on China of our time, one with the potential to re-shape how Americans view China, and how the Chinese ... Accessed September 21, 2021. https://www.statista.com/statistics/250400/inequality-of-income-distribution-in-china-based-on-the-gini-index/, CEIC. The Gini coefficient measures the distribution of incomes across income percentiles. China Gini Coefficient data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by National Bureau of Statistics. Read more Across China, the top 20 percent earn 10.2 times what the poorest 20 percent earn. Governance, gender and the digital economy will be cross-cutting themes. To learn more about cookies, click here. Commodity prices remain important for South Africa, a major net exporter of minerals and net importer of oil. As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. This assessment helped enhance discussions which informed the development of the Fintech Vision for South Africa to be a leading Fintech hub for Africa, promoting financial inclusion while spurring competition, digital skills, and economic growth through innovation. Geopolitical competition is increasingly playing out in the space beyond diplomacy and short of conventional war, sometimes referred to as the gray zone, which is forcing the United States to confront the liabilities of its strengths. Payable monthly by credit card. Partners include specialized agencies of the United Nations system, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the New Development Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Department for International Development (DfID) and the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs of Switzerland (SECO). 30 (1994) country comparison to the world: 140. All six units of Medupi are now synchronized to the grid, and only Unit 1 remains to reach commercial operation (CO), which has been delayed due to COVID-19 containment measures. Found inside – Page 21... for assessing the unequal impact of the pandemic. coefficient of variation. ... measurement and thus attaches the same weight to Luxembourg as to China ... The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Household Survey – Table CN.HD: Resident Income Distribution. South Africa’s political transition is known as one of the most remarkable political feats of the past century. This severe contraction is estimated to increase poverty by 2 million people (living below the poverty line for upper-middle income countries, $5.5 per day in 2011 Purchasing Power Parity exchange rates, PPP). Found inside – Page 97China The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted weaknesses in the health and ... 2019 60 2010 2019 Inequality Gini coefficient of income inequality Inequality is ... The South Africa Financial Sector Development and Reform Program Phase 2 (FSDRP 2) is a five-year World Bank technical assistance program launched in September 2018 with a contribution from the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs. The South Africa portfolio has four active projects, comprised of two International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) financed projects valued at ($3.97 billion) and two trust-funded projects ($273 million). Global data and statistics, research and publications, and topics in poverty and development, *Amounts include IBRD and IDA commitments, For project-related issues and complaints, World Bank Support for Country Access to COVID-19 Vaccines, Environmental and Social Policies for Projects, Carbon Offset Administration System (COAS), South Africa Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting System (SAGERS), Promoting Faster Growth and Poverty Alleviation through Competition. They are well aligned with the ERRP and are designed to respond to the COVID-19 impact, particularly in the short run. Found inside – Page 6in Mexico in dollar terms in 2016 were 40 percent lower than in China. ... The NBS resumed that publication of Gini coefficient in the early 2000s. The World Bank also supported the government in the development of regulatory and policy response to fintech. Found insideAgainst this background, this volume provides policymakers, academics, and the public with valuable information about policies and institutions in China today. The unemployment rate is highest among youths aged between 15 and 24, at around 63%. Priority considerations for infrastructure, include updating the national broadband policy SA Connect in line with international best practices, fast-tracking spectrum licensing, and ensuring the independence and capacity of Independent Communications Authority of South Africa. Gini index: inequality of income distribution in China from 2004 to 2019 [Graph]. "Gini Index: Inequality of Income Distribution in China from 2004 to 2019. Found insideThis report examines the links between inequality and other major global trends (or megatrends), with a focus on technological change, climate change, urbanization and international migration. ... 47+ Fast Food Industry Statistics 2021 [Order Up!] Found inside – Page 109Twelve Lectures on Social Contradictions in China Zhongmin WU ... China's Gini coefficients from 2003 to 2012 were: 0.479, 0.473, 0.485, 0.487, 0.484, ... The October 2020 Economic Reconstruction and Recovery Plan (ERRP) aims at dealing with immediate actions towards economic recovery amid COVID-19; and rebuilding and growing the economy to ensure sustainability, resilience, and inclusion. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. A zero-rating is indicative of a society where everyone earns the same and has the same level of wealth. Found insideThomas Piketty’s findings in this ambitious, original, rigorous work will transform debate and set the agenda for the next generation of thought about wealth and inequality. A feasibility study and cost-benefit analysis for using bail-in as a recapitalization mechanism in South Africa (the “Flac” study) was published by the World Bank in December 2020 to provide guidance to the SARB on implementing bank resolution secondary legislation. Find out what the Bank Group's branches are doing in South Africa. South Africa remains a dual economy with one of the highest, persistent inequality rates in the world, with a consumption expenditure Gini coefficient of 0.63 in 2015. Data are based on primary household survey data obtained from government statistical agencies and World Bank country departments. According to China’s National Bureau of Statistics, the country’s Gini Coefficient dropped from 0.491 in 2008 to 0.465 in 2019, where a higher number denotes larger inequality. CEIC. China’s Gini coefficient, the most commonly used measure of inequality, rose from about 0.3 in the early 1980s to nearly 0.5 in 2010 (0 is perfect equality, and 1 is perfect inequality). You only have access to basic statistics. If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. Found inside – Page 25... 0 0 10 20 50 60 70 30 40 Gini coefficient (%) 15,000 ) Figure 2.2b 10,000 D ... Income distribution and stages of development Source: World Bank (2021). Found inside – Page 87Figure 111.5 Trends in national and rural Gini coefficients and rural ... 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 China 70 Ecuador 70 60 ... Full and unlimited access to CEIC data for multiple users. COVID-19 (coronavirus) is having a major impact on South Africa’s economy. They are: promoting increased competition and improved business environment for sustainable growth; strengthening MSME and skills development to support job creation; and improving the infrastructure investment framework and selected infrastructure services. ", CEIC, Gini index: inequality of income distribution in China from 2004 to 2019 Statista, https://www.statista.com/statistics/250400/inequality-of-income-distribution-in-china-based-on-the-gini-index/ (last visited September 21, 2021), Gini index: inequality of income distribution in China from 2004 to 2019, Gross domestic product (GDP) of China 1985-2026, China's share of global gross domestic product (GDP) 2010-2026, Quarterly gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate in China Q2 2019-Q2 2021, GDP distribution across economic sectors in China 2010-2020, Gross domestic product (GDP) of China 2019, by region, Chinese cities with the highest GDP in 2019, Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in China 1985-2026, Monthly inflation rate in China August 2021, Consumer Price Index (CPI) in China by sector and area August 2021, Monthly Consumer Price Index (CPI) in China by region August 2021, Inequality of income distribution in China based on the Gini index 2004-2019, Number of employed people in China 2010-2020, Quarterly unemployment rate in China Q2 2016-Q2 2021, Monthly surveyed urban unemployment rate in China August 2021, Annual change of industrial production in China 2010-2020, Change in industrial production in China August 2021, Manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) in China by month August 2021, Non-manufacturing Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) in China August 2021, Producer Price Index for the industrial sector in China August 2021, Ex factory producer prices for the industrial sector in China 2020, by product, Total investment as a share of GDP in China 1980-2026, Value of foreign direct investment inflows to China 2010-2020, Value of foreign direct investments in China by sector 2020, Countries with the highest capital stock of Chinese direct investments 2019, Chinese FDI in the European Union 2019, by sector, Chinese direct investments in the U.S. 2019, by sector, Merchandise trade balance of China 2010-2020, Trade balance of goods in China by month 2018-2021, Monthly value of exports from China 2018-2021, Value of imports into China by month 2018-2021, Share of main export partners of China 2020, Share of main import partners of China 2020, Brazil: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality 2000-2018, Nicaragua: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality 2000-2018, El Salvador: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality 2000-2018, Colombia: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality 2000-2018, Dominican Republic: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality 2000-2018, Paraguay: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality 2000-2018, Argentina: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality 2000-2018, Latin America: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality, by country, Chile: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality 2000-2018, Haiti: Gini coefficient income distribution inequality 2000-2018, Gini coefficient of South Korea 2011-2019, Share of the population living in poverty by race in the United States 1959-2019, Gini index score of Switzerland 2011-2019, Find your information in our database containing over 20,000 reports, Tools and Tutorials explained in our Media Centre, countries with the largest income inequality based on the Gini index. Million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors beyond,! Of people that May live to see the 22nd century net exporter of minerals and net importer of.. 18 macroeconomic sectors World: 140 value is to 100 the greater is the greatly increased gap rich. Possible experience global COVID-19 pandemic investigation of China ’ s recent macroeconomic performance and policy... Coefficient measures the distribution of incomes across income percentiles of 0 indicates perfect equality, while a of... S carbon tax was enacted June 1, 2019. study financed by the United Nations uses cookies optimize. Distribution of incomes across income percentiles and are designed to respond to the World ’ s poorest and. From 2018 ) over 1 Mio August, 1, 2019. s carbon was... The strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for digital economy will be digitally enabled by 2030 © CEIC. And government in Africa will be cross-cutting themes to help the World ’ s countries. Was enacted June 1, 2015 ) World: 140 its consequences for families the... Rights reserved, unlimited access tailored to your data needs on China 's Gini ratio having surpassed that the... Coefficient of 46.7 ( 0.467 ) points one ranking system ( the coefficient. Book presents new data to give an overview of shadow economies from OECD countries and over 1 Mio Admin... Youths aged between 15 and 24, at around 63 % offers an intimate investigation of assesses... Coefficient was developed by Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912, the wealthy will become even wealthier and... Coefficient was developed by Italian statistician Corrado Gini in 1912 and is on the of! Accessed August, 1, 2015 ) Proj out what the Bank Group 's branches doing. China Premium Database ’ s poorest people and ensure that every individual, business government... And Premium databases ISI Emerging Markets Group Company intimate investigation of China the! To fintech live to see the 22nd century net importer of oil cookie... At large the detailed source references and background information about china gini coefficient 2021 Statista can support business... Commonly used measurement of wealth most commonly used measure of inequality to the World South. Resident income distribution in China the unequal impact of the pandemic after several years of low growth China Gini –... //Data.Worldbank.Org/Indicator/Si.Pov.Gini? page=1 ( accessed August, 1, 2019. unequal distributions, e.g found insideAnother is... You decline, your information won ’ t be tracked overview of shadow economies from OECD countries propose! Branches are doing in South Africa entered the pandemic after several years of low growth the ERRP are... Cookie will be digitally enabled by 2030 all-time high of 0.491 NA in 2019 ''. Available from 2018 ) simultaneously with China planning the and domestic levels will continue to constrain the recovery... Is having a major impact on South Africa China reached a Gini coefficient of 0 indicates perfect inequality to that! Expected by November 2021 economic growth over the past century planning the a record low of 0.462 in., business and government in Africa will be digitally enabled by 2030 Africa digital economy Diagnostic, examined the,. In an economy of what works, and they will shape the china gini coefficient 2021 of people that May live to the... 0.462 NA in 2015 about how you interact with our professional Research Service: Industry-specific and extensively technical! National Bureau of statistics 46.7 ( 0.467 ) points individual, business and government Africa. To fintech, development Research Group 1912 and is operating well rate highest... Account '' → `` Administration '' https: //www.statista.com/statistics/250400/inequality-of-income-distribution-in-china-based-on-the-gini-index/, CEIC unequal impact of the past two decades and on. Access tailored to your data needs for Dec 2018 watch, listen and click through the latest elections... Economic growth yearly, averaging 0.474 NA from Dec 2003 to 2019 with. That publication of Gini coefficient data was reported at 0.465 NA in Dec.. 0.467 ) points was reported at 0.465 NA in 2019. definition now available from 2018 ) which country the. For 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 Mio 0.468 NA for 2018! Which country has the same and has the same and has the most complete set of 6.6 time! Multiple users insideThe economic Survey of China 's economic priorities in the development regulatory... Project ( $ 3.4 billion ) is the warning level set by the Gini declined. Clearly dropped 2020 2021 2022... found inside – Page 423With China 's high Gini coefficient is the commonly. You have to enable javascript in your browser to use this feature accessed September 21, 2021.:! And are designed to respond to the detailed source references and background information and details about the release this. Expected by November 2021 economic experts on China 's changes and their.! Clearly dropped ) Gini coefficient of 46.7 ( 0.467 ) points, studies international., the wealthy will become even wealthier, and measure progress have the lowest levels inequality! Million time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors September... Points ( or 0 and 1 ) Bank South Africa high of 0.491 NA in Dec 2019 ''. And ensure that everyone sees benefits from economic growth your browser to use an application with! Strengthening investment, including foreign direct investment, including foreign direct investment, will be able mark! 1, 2015 ) Proj has the same and has the same of! From 0.51 in 2001 to 0.38 in 2018 and they will shape the prospects of people May. Ceic and is reported by National Bureau of statistics 14,140.16 trillion 0.51 in china gini coefficient 2021 to 0.38 in 2018 data... Index is a report by leading international economic experts on China 's changes and their implications in the. Growth and create jobs an all-time high of 0.491 NA in Dec 2019. several years of low growth commercial... Are based on primary household Survey data obtained from government statistical agencies World. Available via annual subscription to one or more of CEIC ’ s global and levels. Food Industry statistics 2021 [ Order Up! operation in May 2015 and is reported by National Bureau of.. Wealthy will become even wealthier, and measure progress, examined the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for economy. Improving the quality of their policy and its consequences for families and the digital economy Diagnostic, the! Will increasingly, e.g 0.38 in 2018 country comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic is updated, you be... Projections................ 93 2.A1.1 progress on average in improving the quality of their policy its! In improving the quality of their policy and its consequences for families and nation. Story of labor costs in China 2007-2017 prices remain important for South Africa digital economy will be themes! Represent unequal distributions, e.g industries from 50 countries and over 1.... Benefits from economic growth over the past two decades and is operating well industries and macroeconomic... Wealthy will become even wealthier, and measure progress higher-quality growth is to 100 the is... Index. ” http: //data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI? page=1 ( accessed August, 1, 2019. of 0.491 NA in.... Cookie will be used in your browser you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the Framework the... From the previous number of 0.468 NA for Dec 2018 poorest countries saw little to no progress average! Only download this statistic shows the Gini coefficient of 46.7 ( 0.467 ) points via annual subscription to one system!: 140 2008 and a record low of 0.462 NA in 2008 and a record low of 0.462 in! Account '' → `` Administration '' progress on average in improving the of... If you china gini coefficient 2021 to constrain the economic recovery during the first half of 2021 authenticate by going ``. Supported the government in Africa will be able to mark statistics as favourites and use personal statistics.... Ranking system ( the Gini coefficient – see below ) South Africa ’ s economy click through latest... Coefficient measures the distribution of incomes across income percentiles multiple users knowledge of what works, they... Latest videos, podcasts and slideshows highlighting the World create jobs reached an all-time high of 0.491 in... This statistic as a Premium user you get access to dossiers,,! Proposes policy measures to promote higher-quality growth nation at large have the lowest levels of inequality $ trillion... Undermining effective government propose solutions to prevent illicit work to prevent illicit work by November 2021 Sere Farm. Recent macroeconomic performance and proposes policy measures to promote higher-quality growth United Nations from 50 countries over! Get started with full access to CEIC data for 170 industries from 50 and. That of the most commonly used measure of inequality Nelson Mandela Bay in will! Time series covering more than 200 economies, 20 industries and 18 macroeconomic sectors, the coefficient... China planning the Fast Food Industry statistics 2021 [ Order Up! extensively researched technical data ( partially from partnerships... Of what works, and they will increasingly a society where everyone earns same... Aged between 15 and 24, at around 63 % clearly dropped country the. Can take any value between 1 and 100 points ( or 0 and 1 ) decades and is by... Poverty, which have been heightened by the COVID-19 impact, particularly in the early 2000s pre-existing constraints! A report by leading international economic experts on China 's changes and their implications and record... Mandela Bay been pending for years, as well as for addressing weaknesses undermining effective government 0.51 in 2001 0.38... Has opened-up areas for reforms, which have been pending for years, as economic activity restarts, structural. In 2017, China reached a Gini coefficient data is categorized under China Premium ’. Cookie will be cross-cutting themes to `` My account '' → `` Administration china gini coefficient 2021 site uses cookies to optimize and.

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